Science+and+Medicine

=Science and Medicine-= =Sahar Nematollahi, Zaquia Maybin, and Odalis Villacis=

Greek Science Notes:

www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/science

 * Since 600 BC Greeks were very interested in science
 * Greek men spent most of their time observing planets and the sun
 * they were trying to understand astronomy
 * they were taught by the Babylonians
 * 400s BC- a man named Pythagoras invented the idea of mathematical proof
 * women weren't allowed to study science but Pythagoras had some women students

www.yourdiscovery.com/greece/science-and-medicine/index.shtml

 * Greeks were the first people in Europe to ask questions about astronomy, mathematics, physics, and biology
 * Pythagoras (570-500 BC)- came up with the Pythagoriam Theorem (a^2+b^2=c^2)
 * Hippocrates (460-390 BC)- physician and medical writer. He is known as the father of modern medicine. He created a school for students to learn how to diagnose illness more through observation than theory
 * Archimedes (287-211 BC)- discovered the principle of specific gravity while sitting in his bath. He invented the Archimedean screw (device still used to draw water upward). He also invented theories for geometry

www.livius.org/gi-gr/greeks/science/scientists.html
> > ====** Ancient Greek Sciene and Medicine: **==== Ancient Greek Philosophers and Scientists Archimedes(287 BC- 212 BC) -Best known for Archimedes' Screw, a machine for rasing water -Also known for his work on bouyancy -Studied how levers worked and how geometry could be used to measure circles -Invented war machines that held off Roman attacks Eudoxus(408 BC- 355 BC) -Greek geometer and astronomer -Suggested a heliocentric system for the solar system -Proposed the theory of porportion -Found formulas for measuring pyramids, cones, and cylinders Pythagoras(582 BC- 500 BC) -Greek philosopher and mathmatician -Doctrines were influenced by Plato -Known for the Pythagorian theorem -Believed in reincarnation -In his view, our world was governed by numbers, and was essentially harmonious Hippocrates(460 BC- 377 BC) -Known as the Father of Medicine -Established his own medical school -Based medical practices on observations -Was the 1st physician to correctly describe the symptoms of pneumonia and childhood epilepsy -Belived in the natural healing process of rest, fresh air, a good diet, and cleanliness -Also believed that thoughts, feelings, and ideas come from the brain not the heart Thales(624-547) -Founder of the Milesian school of natural philosophy -Investigated all areas of knowledge; philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics -Proposed theories to explain events of nature -His approach to the understanding of heaven was the beginning of Greek astronomy -Developed the scientific method -Started the 1st western enlightenment -Predicted the solar eclipse of 28 May 585 -Was able to measure pyramids because of the geometrical research he did Socrates(469-399) -Believed knowledge caused good behavior Plato(427-347) -Thought that only the wise who understood the dual nature of reality are fit to rule Hipparchus of Nicaea -first trigonometric table was apparently compiled in his calculations to improve the calendar system Ancient Greeks: -Greeks traveled and traded widely causing them to develop a geometric mind-set and a keen sense of the world around them -Made a transition from reliance on myths to a quest for knowledge -Gave the first gateway into a world that could be explored and explained -Developed ideas about how nature should work
 * Democritus of Abdera- stated that matter was made up from atoms
 * Hippocrates of Cos- made medicine an independent disipline
 * Aristotole of Stagria- his works were in these books:
 * Prior Analytics (where he described the rules of logic)
 * Physics
 * Animal History
 * Rhetorics
 * Poetics
 * Metaphysics
 * Nicomachean Ethics
 * Politics
 * Euclid- In thirteen books of Elements, Euclid described all mathematic knowledge of his age
 * Aristarchus of Samos- first to discover a glimpse of the greatness of the universe
 * he said that the sun was much larger than the earth making it not possible for the sun to move around the earth
 * Archimedes of Syracuse- created Law of Archimedes (states that the apparent loss in weight of body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid), he found the approximation of pi. He invented a hydraulic organ and a planetarium (this implies that he though that the motions of heaven could be described as if they were mechanical)
 * Eratosthenes of Cyrene- he invented a new method to calculate prime numbers. He was famous for finding the circumference of the earth which came to be 45, 460km
 * Hipparchus of Nicaea- he was the first to discover the slow reorientation of the earth's axis. He also improved the calender
 * Ptolemy of Alexandria- He was very big (he was interested) with both geography and astronomy. He wrote many books on the two subjects like:
 * Megale Syntaxis or the big explanation- summerized all the astronomical knowledge of his age, it also gave explanations of the mathematical phenomena
 * Tetrabiblos- the importance of astronomy is explained, and describes how the stars influenced other countries and individuals
 * the eight books of geography- describes the entire known earth
 * Greeks knew a lot about herbs. Here are some commo herbs used in Ancient Greece
 * Anise
 * Black Helebore
 * Cassia
 * Wild Cucumber
 * Cumin
 * Cyclamen Root
 * Frakinsense
 * Germander
 * Honey
 * Wild Lettuce
 * Myrrh
 * Olive Oil
 * Opium Poppy
 * Parsnip
 * Seseli

SCIENCE && MEDICINE:
 * [] && []
 * **Hippocrates**
 * A Greek philosopher; lived from approximately 460 BC to 377 BC.
 * He was the first to have the first examples of what Greek medical thought was based upon.
 * This philosopher argued that doctors ought to observe their patient carefully and make a judgement of the disease after careful consideration of the symptoms.
 * thes method differed from the Egyptians ideas that there were no 'prescribed' method of treating a disease.
 * With this method hippocratic medicine allowed diseases to run their natural course, with doctors giving treatments ,such as herbal remedies, to ease pain.
 * the last resort when a resonable period of observation and thought was reached should a doctor reserve to surgery on their patient.
 * In a world without anesthetics this last resort wasn't always succesful.
 * =**Medicine**=
 * []
 * Introductiont to Greek Medicine
 * first doctor in the moddern sense appeared in ancient greece
 * surgery was done & herbs were applied
 * specialist (gynecologist) specialized in child birth diseases of women
 * Hippocrates
 * father of modern medicine
 * born on the Aegean island of Cos.
 * Son of a physician
 * early years he spent time at the local Asklepion, famous sanctuary of healing
 * came many invalids and tourists
 * The proto-Indo-Europeans
 * Divided medicine into 3 functions
 * Prayers & magic (first function)
 * sacrifices,charms,potions,spells, & use of a wandin a spiritual realm.
 * Surgery (second function)
 * Herbs (third function)
 * Asclepius
 * Heals patient sleeping in his temple
 * Herbal Medicine
 * Greeks performed scientific observations, but did not perform scientific experiments
 * Administrated substances they thought caused abortions but they did not cause abortions.
 * **Hippocrates** may have induced an abortion, but he does not seem to have used herbs.
 * First doctor to effect a cure with drugs was **Paracelsus**(1493-1541)
 * Did not use herbals
 * Used mercury coumpounds
 * killed a number of his patients, but he was able to cure some too.
 * Both wine containing alcohol and opium may have helped healing in ancient times because they relaxed the patient.
 * Common herbs used in Ancient Greece:
 * anise
 * black helebore
 * cassia
 * cucumber,wild, root of (squirting cucumber)
 * cumin
 * cyclmen, root of
 * frankincense
 * germander
 * honer
 * lettuce, wild
 * myrrh
 * olive oil
 * opium poppy
 * parsnip
 * seseli
 * Childbirth and Abortion in Ancient Greece
 * In ancient greece older women could be in charge of a family, the younger women would be the ones bearing children.
 * Notes
 * Greek doctors did not invent any medicine. they helped to develop the scientific method which researchers use today to invent new medicines.
 * had access to poweful herbs.
 * hippocrates was the founder of hippocratic school of medicine (live from 460-380 BCE. )
 * =**Science**=
 * []
 * Thales of Miletus (620- 546 bc)
 * Thales was
 * geometer
 * military engineer
 * astronomer
 * logician
 * Discovered the solstice and equinox
 * Invented abstrat geometry
 * including the notion that a circle is isected by its diameter, and the base angles of isosceles triangles are equal
 * Anaximander of miletus (611-547 BC)
 * invented the gnomon on the sundial
 * provided a way to keep track of time
 * created a map of the known world
 * Pythagoras of Samos (6th century)
 * discovered the numerical relations between the notes of the scale.
 * In the field of astronomy:
 * credited with being the first to realize the morning Star and the Evening Star were the same
 * Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (born about 499)
 * contribution to astronomy:
 * determined the cause of an eclipse
 * recognized that the planets Juiter, Saturn , venus, mars, & mercury move.
 * Hippocrates of Cos (460-377 BC)
 * studied human body
 * discovered there were scientific reasons for ailments.
 * he prescribed simple treatments like diet, hygiene & sleep.
 * Eudoxus of knidos (390-340 BC)
 * improved the sundial
 * divesed the theory of proportion ,allowed for irrational numbers
 * a concept of magnitude
 * developed a method for finding areas and volumes of curvilinear objects
 * developed a model in which the earth is fixed sphere inside a larger sphere of the fixed stars which rotate around the earth in circular orbits.
 * Democritus of Abdera (460-370 BC)
 * realized the Milky Way was composed of millions of stars